basic of Router

• Router Commands Overview

In this section you will learn about the router commands, configurations, privileged mode commands, routing protocols, cisco labs and network configurations.
There are hundreds of basic and advance level commands of a router. It is not easy to remember all the commands. But some commands are frequently used and can be remembered with some practice. I have provided a list of the most commonly used commands based on their features and usage.
  You will find here some basic terminology of a router.
Routing: Routing is a process of moving the data (packets) through an inter network. Routing performs the two basic tasks. Define the paths for a packet and then forward the packets on the basis of defined paths. Routing can also be defined as the communication between two or more logically and physical networks and this communication (packet transfer) is brought by a router.


First of all you should remember the keyboard shortcuts of a router.
Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL-N - show next command
CTRL-P - show previous command
SHIFT-CTRL-6 – Break

• Configuring the Router 

You will be able to learn the basic commands for configuring a router.
sh running-config - details the running configuration file (RAM)
sh startup-config - displays the configuration stored in NVRAM
setup - Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router
config t - use to execute configuration commands from the terminal
config mem - executes configuration commands stored in NVRAM; copies startup-config to running-config

config net - used to retrieve configuration info from a TFTP server
copy running-config startup-config - copies saved config in running config (RAM) to NVRAM or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11
copy startup-config running-config - copies from non-volatile (NVRAM) to current running config (RAM)
boot system flash - tells router which IOS file in flash to boot from
boot system tftp - tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from
boot system rom - tell router to boot from ROM at next boot
copy flash tftp - Copies flash to tftp server
copy tftp flash - Restores flash from tftp server
copy run tftp - Copies the current running-config to tftp server
copy tftp run - Restores the running-config from tftp server

• General Commands

Here is a list of the general commands. These are the basic level commands and most commonly used
no shutdown - (enables the interface)
reload - restarts the router
sh ver - Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register
sh clock - shows date and time on router
sh history - shows the history of your commands
sh debug - shows all debugging that is currently enabled
no debug all - turns off all debugging
sh users - shows users connected to router
sh protocols - shows which protocols are configured
banner motd # Your customized message here # - Set/change banner
hostname - use to configure the hostname of the router
clear counters - clear interface counters

• Privileged Mode commands of a router

Learn how to work in the privileged mode of a router.
enable - get to privileged mode
disable - get to user mode
enable password - sets privileged mode password
enable secret - sets encrypted privileged mode password
Setting Passwords on router
Here you will be able to learn how to set the password on a router.
enable secret - set encrypted password for privileged access
enable password - set password for privileged access (used when there is no enable secret and when using older software)
Setting the password for console access:
(config)#line console 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access (password must be set to access router through telnet):
(config)#line vty 0 4
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for auxiliary (modem) access:
(config)#line aux 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password

• Router Processes & Statistics

By these command you can see the statistics and different processes of the router.
sh processes - shows active processes running on router
sh process cpu - shows cpu statistics
sh mem - shows memory statistics
sh flash - describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount of free flash memory
sh buffers - displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small, Middle, Big, Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers
sh stacks - shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and interrupts routines

• IP Commands

Here is a list of the IP Commands
Configure IP on an interface:
int serial 0
ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0
int eth 0
ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0

• Other IP Commands:

sh ip route - view ip routing table
ip route [administrative_distance] - configure a static IP route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 - sets default gateway
ip classless - use with static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized subnets to use the best possible route
sh arp - view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary - configure a 2nd ip address on an interface
sh ip protocol
CDP Commands (Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAP-capable link to send data):
sh cdp neighbor - shows directly connected neighbors
sh cdp int - shows which interfaces are running CDP
sh cdp int eth 0/0 - show CDP info for specific interface
sh cdp entry - shows CDP neighbor detail
cdp timer 120 - change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is 60)
cp holdtime 240 - how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor (default CDP holdtime is 180)
sh cdp run - shows if CDP turned on
no cdp run - turns off CDP for entire router (global config)
no cdp enable - turns off CDP on specific interface

• IPX Commands

Enable IPX on router:
ipx routing
Configure IPX + IPX-RIP on an int:
int ser 0
ipx network 4A

• Other Commands:

sh ipx route - shows IPX routing table
sh ipx int e0 - shows ipx address on int
sh ipx servers - shows SAP table
sh ipx traffic - view traffic statistics
debug ipx routing activity - debugs IPS RIP packets
debug ipx sap - debugs SAP packets

• Routing Protocols

RIP, IGPR and OSPF are the routing protocols and here is a list of the commands for the working on the routing protocols.
Configure RIP:
router rip
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other RIP Commands:
debug ip rip - view RIP debugging info
Configure IGRP:
router IGRP 200
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other IGRP Commands:
debug ip igrp events - view IGRP debugging info
debug ip igrp transactions - view IGRP debugging

Configure the DHCP Relay Agent

Membership in the local Administrators group, or equivalent, is the minimum required to complete this procedure.

1.  first we have to install RRAS from   server mgr >> add roles. and install it.  
2. Open the Routing and Remote Access MMC snap-in.
   
3. In the console tree, expand the server name, and then expand IPv4.
   
4. Under IPv4, right-click General, and then select New Routing Protocol.
   
5. Select DHCP Relay Agent, and then click OK.
   
6. Right-click DHCP Relay Agent, and then select New Interface.
   
7. Select the interface that corresponds to the VPN server’s LAN adapter, and then click OK.
   
8. On the General tab, make sure that Relay DHCP packets is selected and then, if necessary, select values for Hop-count threshold and Boot threshold.
   
   
9. Click OK.
   
10. Repeat steps 5 through 8 for the interface to which the remote access clients connect.

How to assign a home folder to a user

Hello friends today i wanna discuss  some thing abt Home Folder . and How to create home folder
lets seee

This step-by-step article describes how to use the Active Directory Users and Computers management console, the Computer Management management console, a logon script, or the command line to assign a home folder to a user.

Home folders and My Documents make it easier for an administrator to back up user files and manage user accounts by collecting the user's files in one location. If you assign a home folder to a user, you can store the user's data in a central location on a server, and make backup and recovery of data easier and more reliable.

If no home folder is assigned, the computer assigns the default local home folder to the user account. The home folder can use the same location as the My Documents folder. When you are using Windows 2003 Terminal Services, the user profile is the default home folder.

Assign a home folder to a domain user

Note: To specify a network path for the home folder, you must first create the network share and set permissions that permit the user access. You can do this with Shared Folders in Computer Management on the server computer.

To assign a home folder to a domain user:

1. Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. In the console tree, click Users.
3. In the Details pane, right-click the user account, and then click Properties.
4. In the Properties dialog box, click Profile.
5. Under the Home folder, type the folder information. To do this, follow these steps:
   1. To assign a home folder on a network server, click Connect, and then specify a drive letter.
   2. In the To box, type a path. This path can be any one of the following types:
   • Network path, for example:
     \\server\users\MrVerma
   • You can substitute username for the last subfolder in the path, for example:
     \\server\users\killer                                       ( killer= user name)
   Note In these examples, server is the name of the file server housing the home folders, and users is the shared folder.
6. Click OK.

Assign a home folder to a local user

To assign a home folder to a local user:

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, double-click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer Management.
2. In the console tree, click Users in Local Users and Groups.
3. Click the user account.
4. Click the Action menu, and then click Properties.
5. Click the Profile tab, click Connect, and then specify a drive letter.
6. In the To box, type a path. This path can be any of the following types:
   • Network path, for example:
     \\server\users\tester
   • You can substitute username for the last subfolder in the path, for example:
     \\server\users\username
     
     
     Where server is the name of the file server housing the home folders, and where users is the shared folder.
7. Click OK.

Specify a home folder for a terminal server

In Windows Server 2003, you can specify a home folder for a terminal server. Assign each user on a terminal server a unique home folder. This makes sure that you store the program information separately for each user in the multi-user environment.

Note: If you specify only the home folder for Windows Server 2003, both Windows 2003 and Terminal Services use this home folder.

To specify a home folder for a terminal server, use one of the following procedures.

Domain user account

1. Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. In the console tree, expand the domain node, and then click the Users folder.
3. Double-click the user account.
4. Click the Terminal Services Profile tab.
5. If the Terminal Services home folder is on the local server, click Local path, and then type the path of the profile.
   
   Note If you do not specify the location path in the Terminal Service Home folder pane, the default local home folder is located at the following path:
   system drive\Documents and Settings\username
6. If the Terminal Services home folder is on a network share, click Connect, select a drive to connect, and then type the network path.
7. Click OK.

Local user account

1. Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Computer Management.
2. In the console tree, click Users in Local Users and Groups.
3. Double-click the user account.
4. Click the Terminal Services Profile tab.
5. If the Terminal Services home folder is on the local server, click Local path, and then type the path of the profile.
   
   Note If you do not specify the location path in the Terminal Service Home folder pane, the default local home folder is located at the following path:
   system drive\Documents and Settings\username
6. If the Terminal Services home folder is on a network share, click Connect, select a drive to connect, and then type the network path.
7. Click OK.

Assign a home folder to a user from the command line

You can use the net user command to assign a home folder to a user from the command line. For example, at the command line, type the following command, and then press ENTER:

net user tester /homedir:\\server\tester$

This command assigns the tester$ hidden shared folder on the server to the user Tester.

Assign a home folder to a user by using a logon script

You can automate user account creation and home folder assignment. You can use the net user command to create local user accounts in configuration scripts.

Create a logon script

The following example creates a user named "tester". The user is created with a comment, password expiration settings, home folder, and profile path configured:

NET USER tester /add /comment:"Example Account for User"
/expires:never 
/homedir:\\Verma\%username%$ 
/profilepath:\\verma\profile

Assign a logon script to a profile

To assign a logon script to a profile, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2. Double-click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer Management.
3. In the console tree, click Local Users and Groups, and then click Users.
4. Click the user account, click Action, and then click Properties.
5. Click Profile, and then type the file name of the script in the Logon script box.
   
   Note: For local accounts, the logon script path is %Systemroot%\System32\Repl\Import\Scripts. However, this folder is not created if you perform a clean installation of Windows Server 2003. If the logon script is stored in a subfolder of the domain controller, type the following login script path before the logon script name:
   sysvol\domainname\scripts

Note: You can also use Group Policy to assign home folders. For additional information about using Group Policy to assign home folders see the "To change the path of a user's home directory" topic in the Windows 2003 help files.

How to Install VPN on Windows Server 2008

This HowTo should show you how to install a VPN Server on Windows Server 2008 R2. This is a HowTo for a small environment or a stand-alone hosted Server.

1. Install the Role “Network Policy and Access Services” with the Server Manager 
2. Select the Role Services “Routing and Remote Access Services”
   
3. Configure and Enable Routing and Remote Access in the Server Manager.
   
4. Choose “Custom Configuration” if you just have one Network Interface in the Server
   
5. Choose “VPN access”
   
6. Finish and click next
   
7. Allow access for users “Network Access Permission”. You can set that in de Dial-In Tab under the User Premission.
   
8. Open Ports in your Firewall For PPTP: 1723 TCP 47 GRE
   For L2TP over IPSEC: 1701 TCP 500 UDP
   For  SSTP: 443 TCP

Optional: If you don’t have a DHCP Server in your local network you have to add a static address pool. This could be if you have a stand-alone Server by your provider.

1. Right click on “Routing and Remote Access” and open Properties
   
2. Click on the IPv4 Tab and check “Static address pool”
   
3. Add a static address pool of private IP addresses
   
4. Add secondary IP Address to the Server network interface which is in the same subnet as this pool.